-While this handbook is constructed around "impact", it is obvious that we need to clarify the impact *of what* we are interested in. These are the various aspects of Open Science covered in this section. In a sense, we can consider many of the aspects in this section as potential causes, and many of the aspects covered in the various impact sections as potential effects. In some cases, terminology such as input, output, outcome and impact are used in this context, especially in the context of "theory of change". Although such terminology is useful, it should be clarified that not all aspects covered in this Open Science section can naturally be considered "inputs". Moreover, whether to consider something as "input", "output" or even "outcome" can be context-dependent. For instance, open data can be considered an outcome of an Open Data repository policy, but it can also be considered an input when considering downstream usage in academia, with outputs referring to publications that make use of open data.
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