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Fix RST formatting in tutorial.rst
- Added Python scripts to automatically fix RST formatting issues - Fixed title underline lengths to match title text - Added blank lines after bullet lists - Fixed broken documentation link - All warnings resolved in document and document-linkcheck This resolves remaining doc build issues and should enable CI checks to pass. 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.ai/code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <[email protected]>
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docs/tutorial.rst

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@@ -9,32 +9,34 @@ Introduction to Amaranth HDL
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Amaranth is a Python-based hardware description language (HDL) that allows you to design digital circuits using Python's object-oriented features. It provides a more modern and productive alternative to traditional HDLs like Verilog or VHDL.
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What is HDL?
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A Hardware Description Language is a specialized programming language used to describe the structure and behavior of electronic circuits. Unlike software programming, HDL code describes actual physical hardware structures that will be created on an FPGA or ASIC.
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Why Amaranth?
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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- **Python-based** - Use a familiar language with modern features
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- **Object-oriented** - Create reusable components
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- **Built-in testing** - Simulate designs without external tools
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- **Powerful abstractions** - Simplify common hardware patterns
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----------------------------------------------------------------- **Object-oriented** - Create reusable components
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------------------------------------------------- **Built-in testing** - Simulate designs without external tools
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--------------------------------------------------------------- **Powerful abstractions** - Simplify common hardware patterns
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Setting Up
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----------
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Prerequisites
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Before starting, you'll need:
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- Python 3.9 or newer installed
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- Basic knowledge of Python
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- For synthesis to hardware: Yosys (optional, installed automatically with PDM)
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------------------------------- Basic knowledge of Python
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-------------------------- For synthesis to hardware: Yosys (optional, installed automatically with PDM)
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Installation
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Install Amaranth using PDM (Python Development Master), which will handle creating a virtual environment for you:
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@@ -80,12 +82,13 @@ Signals are the fundamental elements in digital circuits - they represent wires
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m.d.comb += c.eq(b + 1) # c will always equal b + 1
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Clock Domains
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Digital circuits operate based on clock signals. Amaranth uses clock domains to organize logic:
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- **Combinational domain** (``m.d.comb``): Logic that responds immediately to input changes
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- **Synchronous domain** (``m.d.sync``): Logic that updates only on clock edges
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Synchronous domain** (``m.d.sync``): Logic that updates only on clock edges
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.. code-block:: python
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@@ -125,17 +128,18 @@ Now let's create a more practical circuit that blinks an LED:
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:linenos:
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Understanding the Code
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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- **Elaboratable**: Base class for all Amaranth circuits
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- **elaborate(self, platform)**: Method that builds the actual circuit
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- **Signal(24)**: Creates a 24-bit counter that can count from 0 to 2^24-1
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- **m.d.sync += timer.eq(timer + 1)**: Increments the timer on each clock edge
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- **timer[-1]**: Accesses the most significant bit (bit 23) of the timer
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- **led.o.eq()**: Connects the output pin of the LED to our signal
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-------------------------------------------------------- **elaborate(self, platform)**: Method that builds the actual circuit
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--------------------------------------------------------------------- **Signal(24)**: Creates a 24-bit counter that can count from 0 to 2^24-1
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------------------------------------------------------------------------- **m.d.sync += timer.eq(timer + 1)**: Increments the timer on each clock edge
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------- **timer[-1]**: Accesses the most significant bit (bit 23) of the timer
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----------------------------------------------------------------------- **led.o.eq()**: Connects the output pin of the LED to our signal
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Running on Hardware
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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To run on actual FPGA hardware, you'd need to specify a platform and call the build method:
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platform.build(Blinky(), do_program=True)
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Viewing Simulation Results
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The simulation generates a VCD (Value Change Dump) file that you can view with waveform viewer software:
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:end-before: # --- TEST ---
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Understanding Component Interfaces
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The ``wiring.Component`` base class provides a structured way to define interfaces:
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- ``In(width)`` and ``Out(width)`` define input and output ports
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- Type annotations (using Python's standard syntax) define the interface
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- ``super().__init__()`` must be called after defining internal signals
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---------------------------------------------------------------- Type annotations (using Python's standard syntax) define the interface
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----------------------------------------------------------------------- ``super().__init__()`` must be called after defining internal signals
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Simulating Your Design
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----------------------
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Amaranth has a built-in simulator that allows you to test your designs:
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:lines: 46-74
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Understanding the Simulation
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- **ctx.set(signal, value)**: Sets a signal to a specific value
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- **ctx.get(signal)**: Gets the current value of a signal
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- **await ctx.tick()**: Advances simulation by one clock cycle
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- **sim.add_clock(Period(MHz=1))**: Adds a 1MHz clock to the simulation
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- **sim.write_vcd("file.vcd")**: Generates a waveform file for visualization
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--------------------------------------------------------------- **ctx.get(signal)**: Gets the current value of a signal
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-------------------------------------------------------- **await ctx.tick()**: Advances simulation by one clock cycle
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------------------------------------------------------------- **sim.add_clock(Period(MHz=1))**: Adds a 1MHz clock to the simulation
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---------------------------------------------------------------------- **sim.write_vcd("file.vcd")**: Generates a waveform file for visualization
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Viewing Waveforms
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The VCD file contains all signal changes during simulation. To view it:
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:linenos:
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Understanding FSMs in Amaranth
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- **with m.FSM() as fsm**: Creates a finite state machine
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- **with m.State("NAME")**: Defines a state
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- **m.next = "STATE"**: Sets the next state
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- **fsm.ongoing("STATE")**: Checks if the FSM is in a specific state
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- **Cat(bit, data)**: Concatenates bits (used for shifting)
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--------------------------------------------------------- **with m.State("NAME")**: Defines a state
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------------------------------------------ **m.next = "STATE"**: Sets the next state
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------------------------------------------ **fsm.ongoing("STATE")**: Checks if the FSM is in a specific state
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------------------------------------------------------------------- **Cat(bit, data)**: Concatenates bits (used for shifting)
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Simulating the UART Receiver
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----------------------------
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Let's create a simulation to test our UART receiver:
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:linenos:
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Building a Complete System
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--------------------------
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Now let's build a system combining multiple components - a blinker that uses our counter:
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:linenos:
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Understanding The System Architecture
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- **Submodules**: ``m.submodules.name = module`` adds a submodule to your design
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- **Clock Frequency**: Real hardware platforms provide clock frequency info
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- **Platform Interface**: ``platform.request()`` gets hardware I/O pins
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- **Hierarchical Design**: Components can contain other components
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Clock Frequency**: Real hardware platforms provide clock frequency info
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Platform Interface**: ``platform.request()`` gets hardware I/O pins
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---------------------------------------------------------------------- **Hierarchical Design**: Components can contain other components
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Running on Real Hardware
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To run your design on actual FPGA hardware, you need:
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:linenos:
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For Other Boards
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The process is similar for other boards:
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3. Call ``platform.build(module, do_program=True)``
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Troubleshooting and Common Errors
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TypeErrors or AttributeErrors
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.. code-block::
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TypeError: Cannot assign to non-Value
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- Likely tried to assign to a Python variable instead of a Signal
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- Always use ``.eq()`` for hardware assignments, not Python ``=``
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----------------------------------------------------------------- Always use ``.eq()`` for hardware assignments, not Python ``=``
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.. code-block::
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- You probably wrote ``m.domain.sync`` instead of ``m.d.sync``
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Runtime or Logic Errors
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.. code-block::
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RuntimeError: Cannot add synchronous assignments: no sync domain is currently active
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- You need to define a clock domain
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- For simulation, add ``sim.add_clock(Period(MHz=1))``
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----------------------------------- For simulation, add ``sim.add_clock(Period(MHz=1))``
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.. code-block::
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Signal has no timeline
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- Signal is not being driven or used in the design
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- Check for typos or unused signals
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-------------------------------------------------- Check for typos or unused signals
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Hardware Deployment Errors
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.. code-block::
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OSError: Toolchain binary not found in PATH
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- The required synthesis tools (like Yosys) are not installed or not in PATH
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- Install the required tools or add them to PATH
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Install the required tools or add them to PATH
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Next Steps
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This tutorial has covered the basics of Amaranth HDL. To continue learning:
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5. **Community Resources**:
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- GitHub: https://github.com/amaranth-lang/amaranth
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- Documentation: https://amaranth-lang.org/docs/
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- Documentation: https://amaranth-lang.org
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Glossary of Terms
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- **HDL**: Hardware Description Language - used to describe electronic circuits
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- **FPGA**: Field-Programmable Gate Array - reconfigurable hardware
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- **Combinational Logic**: Logic where outputs depend only on current inputs
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- **Sequential Logic**: Logic where outputs depend on current inputs and state
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- **Clock Domain**: Group of logic synchronized to the same clock
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- **Elaboration**: Process of transforming Python code into a hardware netlist
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- **Simulation**: Testing hardware designs in software before physical implementation
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- **Synthesis**: Process of transforming a hardware design into physical gates
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- **VCD**: Value Change Dump - file format for recording signal changes in simulation
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **FPGA**: Field-Programmable Gate Array - reconfigurable hardware
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------------------------------------------------------------------ **Combinational Logic**: Logic where outputs depend only on current inputs
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Sequential Logic**: Logic where outputs depend on current inputs and state
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Clock Domain**: Group of logic synchronized to the same clock
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---------------------------------------------------------------- **Elaboration**: Process of transforming Python code into a hardware netlist
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Simulation**: Testing hardware designs in software before physical implementation
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ **Synthesis**: Process of transforming a hardware design into physical gates
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------- **VCD**: Value Change Dump - file format for recording signal changes in simulation
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External Resources
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------------------
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.. note::
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The following resources from the Amaranth community may also be helpful:

fix_rst_bullet_lists.py

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
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"""
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Script to fix RST bullet list formatting in tutorial.rst
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This ensures all bullet lists end with a blank line.
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"""
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import re
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import sys
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def fix_rst_bullet_lists(filename):
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"""Fix bullet lists in the given RST file."""
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with open(filename, 'r') as f:
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lines = f.readlines()
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fixed_lines = []
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i = 0
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while i < len(lines):
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# Add the current line to our output
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fixed_lines.append(lines[i])
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# Check if this line starts a bullet point
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if lines[i].strip().startswith('- '):
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# Find the end of the bullet list
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j = i + 1
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# Look for more bullet points that continue the list
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while j < len(lines) and (lines[j].strip().startswith('- ') or lines[j].strip().startswith(' ')):
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fixed_lines.append(lines[j])
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j = j + 1
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# If the next line after the list isn't empty, add a blank line
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if j < len(lines) and lines[j].strip() != '':
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print(f"Adding blank line after bullet list at line {i+1}")
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fixed_lines.append('\n')
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i = j
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else:
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i += 1
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# Write the fixed content back to the file
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with open(filename, 'w') as f:
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f.writelines(fixed_lines)
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print(f"Fixed bullet lists in {filename}")
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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if len(sys.argv) != 2:
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print(f"Usage: {sys.argv[0]} <rst_file>")
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sys.exit(1)
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fix_rst_bullet_lists(sys.argv[1])

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