| 🌐 Language | 选择语言 |
|---|---|
| English | 中文 |
未曾设想的道路 - 中国打工人的润学指南
awesome-run 是一份为技术人才准备的全球机遇指南 & 移民攻略。
旨在为程序员这类技术人才，提供一个清晰、简洁、不断更新的各国（地区）永居与入籍路径对比。
通过标准化的表格，直观地展示关键信息，帮助你快速了解和比较不同选择。
移民政策复杂且频繁变动，社区的力量是本项目保持活力的核心。
我们热切欢迎你的贡献！无论是修正一个错误、更新一项政策，还是增加一个新的国家，都请不要犹豫，通过 Pull Request 或 Issue 来分享你的知识。
免责声明：
本项目所有信息仅供参考，不构成任何法律或移民建议。在做出任何决定前，请务必查阅各国官方移民局网站，以获取最准确、最新的信息。
技术移民一般分为三个阶段
- 工签，申请人拿到工签后就可以在这个国家合法工作。工签都没有那就是黑工，查到会被送到小黑屋遣返
- PR(Permanent Resident), 也叫永居, 绿卡。拥有后可以在这个国家长期自由居住，工作。
大部分权利和本国公民差不多，只是因为不能换护照，法理上你还是中国公民。
大部分国家的PR都有移民监，例如每5年需要在这个国家呆满2年，否则PR可能被取消。 - 换国籍，完全成为那个国家的公民，可以换护照，从此你不再是中国公民，而是"外籍华人"。
更舒服的表格阅读体验(表格宽度会更大)
| 国家/地区 | 获取永久居留权(PR) | 移民监 - 保持永久居留 | 获取国籍/护照 | 公民身份福利 | 双国籍 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 亚洲 | 中国香港 | 香港永久性居民身份 需在香港工作生活满七年 |
如果不是中国公民，且连续36个月或以上不在香港，可能会丧失永久居民身份。 | - 申请香港特区护照，要求是中国公民和拥有香港永久居民身份 - 一个外国人可以同时持有原国籍+拥有香港永久性居民身份，但是无法申请香港护照 |
- 中国籍香港永久居民可以申请"回乡证”到内地生活工作 - 低税率，无资本利得税，无股息税，海外收入免税 |
不承认 |
| 日本 | 永住者 PR - 常规路径，在日本连续居住10年 - 高度人才签证，最快1年或3年后可申请PR - 审查纳税、社保缴纳情况及无犯罪记录 |
- 每7年更新一次在留卡 - 离开日本超过一年，需要办理“再入国许可” |
归化 - 在日本连续居住5年以上 - 日语能力至少N3以上，需要和法务局官员进行面谈 |
- 全球免签国最多的护照之一 | 不承认 | |
| 新加坡 | 永久居民 (PR) - 持有工作准证(EP/SP)一段时间后申请 - 审批不透明，没有明确的打分标准 - 通常情况下，中国公民需要3到5年时间 |
- 每5年续签一次再入境许可(REP) - 续签时移民局会评估与新加坡的联系情况，纳税、公积金CPF缴纳情况 |
归化： - 成为PR后至少2年。 - 同样为评估制。 - 第二代男性公民有服役义务 |
- 通过新加坡专属的“H1B1签证”去美国工作 - 低税率，无资本利得税，无股息税，海外收入免税 |
不承认 | |
| 大洋洲 | 澳大利亚 | 永久居民 (PR) - 根据技术移民打分制（189/190/491），准备好材料，提交EOI申请，进入池子里排队 - 假如被移民局捞上了，他们发邀请，一步到位获得PR身份(甚至此时你从未登陆过澳洲，也没有澳洲的工作) - 竞争激烈。获邀的时间非常依赖职业和分数，从数月到数年不等； |
移民监: 每5年在澳洲住满2年 | - 持PR身份，过去4年内住满3年 - 申请前1年住满9个月。 - 通过公民考试（英语） |
1. 获得新西兰"准PR"，可以去新西兰生活和工作 2. 可以去美国工作，专属的"E-3签证" |
承认 |
| 新西兰 | 永久居民 (PRV) - 获得新西兰的全职offer(核心) - 技术移民打分(SMC)超过6分，申请居民签证 - 持有居民签证，在新西兰居住工作2年以上可申请 |
全球唯一永久绿卡 回头签(PRV)是真正永久的，无任何居住要求，可无限期离境并随时返回。 |
- 申请前5年内，每年都住满240天 |
- 新西兰国籍拥有澳洲的"准PR"，可以去澳洲工作，最快4年申请澳洲国籍 | 承认 | |
| 北美 | 加拿大 | 永久居民 (PR) - 通过联邦打分系统、省提名计划 - 需要2年左右时间 |
移民监: 每5年在加拿大住满至少2年 | - 已经是PR，并且过去5年内至少住满3年 - 审查纳税记录 - 通过语言和公民考试 |
- 通过"TN签证"去美国工作 | 承认 |
| 美国 | 永久居民（绿卡, Green Card） - 典型路径：H1B抽签 -> 雇主支持办EB2/3排期 - 不确定性很大，中国申请人排期通常很长 |
- 离开美国超过6个月可能会受审查， 超过1年则可能被视为放弃绿卡 |
- 持有绿卡满5年 - 这5年内在美实际居住30个月 - 通过英语和公民知识考试 |
- 地球最强国家的公民身份 | 承认 | |
| 欧洲 | 德国 | 德国永居（PR） - 找到工作，持欧盟蓝卡 (EU Blue Card)登陆德国工作 - 持蓝卡工作21个月（德语达到B1水平）或33个月（德语A1） 注: 德语A1需要3~5个月左右 |
- 不能连续离开德国超过6个月 | - 连续居住5年以上 - 通过入籍考试 - 要求德语水平B1以上 |
- 在整个欧盟区自由生活工作 | 承认 |
| 爱尔兰 | 可续签的长期居留许可 (Stamp 4) - 找到工作，申请关键技能就业许可(CSEP) - 持有CSEP工作2年，申请Stamp 4 |
- Stamp 4 有效期为2年或5年 - 续签时移民官会审查与爱尔兰的联系紧密度，无犯罪记录，纳税情况 |
入籍 - 9年内累计住满5年 - 申请前连续住满1年 |
- 可以去英国工作生活 - 唯一的，只会英语又想通过技术移民获得欧盟护照的国家 |
承认 |
This is a curated Awesome list of global mobility paths and immigration strategies for tech talents.
In an increasingly interconnected world, opportunities for tech professionals are no longer confined by borders. Whether you are seeking new career challenges, a different lifestyle, or exploring global opportunities, access to clear and accurate information is crucial for making informed decisions.
The name "run" is a nod to a Chinese internet meme (润, rùn), symbolizing the act of seeking new horizons. This project, awesome-run, aims to provide a clear, concise, and up-to-date comparison of permanent residency and citizenship pathways in various countries, designed primarily for programmers, software engineers, and other tech professionals.
Immigration policies are complex and change frequently. The strength of this guide comes from the community. We enthusiastically welcome your contributions! If you spot an error, have an update on a policy, or want to add a new country to the list, please feel free to open a Pull Request or an Issue.
Disclaimer: The information provided here is for reference purposes only and should not be considered legal or immigration advice. Always consult the official government immigration websites for the most accurate and up-to-date information before making any decisions.
For a better table reading experience (wider table format).
| Country/Region | Obtaining Permanent Residency (PR) | Residency Obligation - Maintaining PR | Obtaining Citizenship/Passport | Citizenship Benefits | Dual Citizenship | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asia | Hong Kong, China | Hong Kong Permanent Resident Status - Requires living and working in Hong Kong for 7 consecutive years. |
If not a Chinese citizen, absence from Hong Kong for a continuous period of 36 months or more may result in the loss of permanent resident status. | - To apply for a Hong Kong SAR passport, one must be a Chinese citizen and a Hong Kong permanent resident. - A foreign national can hold their original citizenship and Hong Kong permanent residency simultaneously, but cannot apply for a Hong Kong passport. |
- Hong Kong permanent residents who are Chinese nationals can apply for a "Home Return Permit" to live and work in mainland China. - Low tax rates, no capital gains tax, no dividend tax, and tax exemption on foreign income. |
Not recognized |
| Japan | Permanent Resident (PR) - Standard path: Continuous residence in Japan for 10 years. - Highly Skilled Professional Visa: Can apply for PR after as little as 1 or 3 years. - Review of tax payments, social security contributions, and criminal record. |
- Renew Residence Card every 7 years. - A "Re-entry Permit" is required if leaving Japan for more than one year. |
Naturalization - Continuous residence in Japan for 5+ years. - Japanese language proficiency of at least N3 level, requires an interview with an official from the Legal Affairs Bureau. |
- One of the world's most powerful passports for visa-free travel. | Not recognized | |
| Singapore | Permanent Resident (PR) - Apply after holding a work pass (EP/SP) for a period. - Approval process is opaque with no clear points system. - Typically, the process takes 3 to 5 years for Chinese citizens. |
- Renew Re-Entry Permit (REP) every 5 years. - Renewal is assessed based on ties to Singapore, such as tax payments and CPF contributions. |
Naturalization - At least 2 years after becoming a PR. - Also an assessment-based system. - Second-generation male citizens have mandatory military service (National Service). |
- Access to the exclusive Singaporean "H-1B1 visa" for working in the United States. - Low tax rates, no capital gains tax, no dividend tax, and tax exemption on foreign income. |
Not recognized | |
| Oceania | Australia | Permanent Resident (PR) - Based on a points-based system for skilled migration (visas 189/190/491): submit an Expression of Interest (EOI) and wait in a pool. - If invited, PR is granted directly (even without having been to Australia). - Highly competitive. Invitation times vary from months to years depending on occupation and points. |
Residency Obligation: Must live in Australia for 2 out of every 5 years. | - Hold PR status and have lived in Australia for 3 out of the last 4 years. - Lived in Australia for at least 9 months in the year prior to applying. - Pass the citizenship test (in English). |
1. Gain special status in New Zealand, allowing you to live and work there. 2. Access to the exclusive "E-3 visa" for working in the United States. |
Recognized |
| New Zealand | Permanent Resident Visa (PRV) - Securing a full-time job offer in New Zealand is key. - Score 6+ points under the Skilled Migrant Category (SMC) to apply for a Resident Visa. - Hold a Resident Visa and live/work in NZ for 2+ years to apply for PRV. |
The world's only truly permanent green card. The Permanent Resident Visa (PRV) is indefinite, with no residency requirements. One can leave and re-enter NZ at any time. |
- Must have lived in New Zealand for at least 240 days in each of the 5 years before applying. | - New Zealand citizens have special rights to live and work in Australia, with a pathway to apply for Australian citizenship after 4 years. | Recognized | |
| North America | Canada | Permanent Resident (PR) - Through the federal Express Entry system or Provincial Nominee Programs (PNP). - Process takes around 2 years. |
Residency Obligation: Must live in Canada for at least 2 out of every 5 years. | - Must be a PR and have lived in Canada for at least 3 out of the last 5 years. - Review of tax records. - Pass language and citizenship tests. |
- Access to the "TN visa" for working in the United States. | Recognized |
| United States | Permanent Resident (Green Card) - Typical path: H-1B lottery -> Employer-sponsored EB-2/EB-3 petition (with a priority date queue). - Highly uncertain, with long waiting times for applicants from certain countries. |
- Absences of over 6 months may be scrutinized. - Absences of over 1 year may be considered an abandonment of the Green Card. |
- Hold a Green Card for 5 years. - Physically present in the US for at least 30 months within those 5 years. - Pass English and civics tests. |
- Citizenship of the world's most powerful country. | Recognized | |
| Europe | Germany | German Permanent Residence (PR) - Find a job and work in Germany on an EU Blue Card. - Apply after 21 months with B1 level German, or 33 months with A1 level German. Note: A1 German takes about 3-5 months to learn. |
- Cannot be outside of Germany for more than 6 consecutive months. | - Continuous residence for 5+ years. - Pass the naturalization test. - Requires B1 or higher German language proficiency. |
- Freedom to live and work throughout the entire EU. | Recognized |
| Ireland | Renewable Long-Term Residence (Stamp 4) - Find a job and obtain a Critical Skills Employment Permit (CSEP). - After working for 2 years on a CSEP, apply for Stamp 4. |
- Stamp 4 is valid for 2 or 5 years. - Renewal is assessed based on ties to Ireland, a clean criminal record, and tax compliance. |
Naturalization - Lived in Ireland for a total of 5 years out of the last 9. - Continuous residence for the 1 year immediately before applying. |
- Can live and work in the UK (Common Travel Area). - The only English-speaking country in the EU offering a path to an EU passport via skilled migration. |
Recognized |