Add JSON column type support

[ScotterC]

Summary

This PR adds support for ClickHouse's JSON column type to fix Rails schema dump failures that occur with "Unknown type 'JSON' for column" errors.

Changes Made

• ✅ Core Implementation: Added json: { name: 'JSON' } to NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES constant
• ✅ Type Mapping: Registered JSON type mapping using ActiveRecord's built-in Type::Json class
• ✅ Comprehensive Tests: Added 7 new test cases covering:
  • JSON column type recognition and validation
  • CRUD operations with JSON data
  • Complex JSON structure handling
  • Migration support with t.json syntax
  • Integration with insert_all operations

Technical Details

• Uses ActiveRecord's standard Type::Json for consistent behavior
• Handles ClickHouse JSON type limitations appropriately:
  • JSON columns cannot be nullable (ClickHouse limitation)
  • Numbers are stored/retrieved as strings (ClickHouse behavior)
• Requires allow_experimental_json_type = 1 setting (ClickHouse 21.1+)

Testing

• ✅ All 7 new JSON-specific tests pass
• ✅ All 85 existing single-server tests pass (no regressions)
• ✅ All 6 cluster tests pass (no regressions)
• ✅ Manual verification confirms type support works

Usage Example

# Migration
class AddJsonColumns < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.1]
  def change
    create_table :products, request_settings: { allow_experimental_json_type: 1 } do |t|
      t.string :name
      t.json :properties, null: false
      t.json :metadata, null: false
    end
  end
end

# Model Usage
Product.create!(
  name: "Widget", 
  properties: { "color" => "red", "size" => "large" },
  metadata: { "tags" => ["electronics", "gadget"] }
)

Compatibility

• ClickHouse: 21.1+ (JSON type introduced)
• Rails: 7.1+ (existing gem requirement)
• Experimental Feature: Requires allow_experimental_json_type = 1

This minimal, backwards-compatible implementation resolves schema dump issues while providing full JSON column support for ClickHouse users.

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

[PNixx]

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